I chanced to meet William Phips four years
ago, reading La grande aventure des hommes sous la mer by Claude Riffaud, published in
France by Albin Michel. Riffaud mentioned the gentleman as the first man ever to use a
pneumatic bell for the recovery of treasure from a sunken vessel.I
"met" him again later on, leafing through the Enciclopedia Treccani (1929
edition), where a man by the same name was referred to as Governor of Massachusetts. The
Italian Encyclopaedia suggested a different spelling of the man’s surname: Phipps, with
double "p". The date of birth of the "two" men were identical, but not
their birth places, located somewhere in what today is the State of Maine, and the date of
death was vaguely indicated as well, sometime between February 1694 and February 1695.
Reconstructing the life of a man who was born in 1651 and died in his
forties, buried God knows where, a man who might have been at the same time a treasure
hunter, a Governor and who knows what else, was decidedly intriguing. I decided to
investigate and the adventure began.
That’s how the idea of The seventh wave was born. Tickling the pride
of professional librarians in Boston and exploiting the formidable power of Internet,
within a couple of weeks I received the photocopies of two books: "The life of Sir
William Phips" by Cotton Mather, published in the Colonies in 1697 two years after
Phips’s death, and "Life of William Phips" by Francis Bowen (London, 1837).
Although contradicting each other in a few points, the two books were, however, rather
detailed to profile a man whose life had not been ordinary at all from the very beginning:
William Phips was the twenty-fifth of twenty-six children fathered by James Phips, a
gunsmith emigrated from Bristol to Woolwich, a small village in Maine surrounded by
mountains and vast forests inhabited by Indian tribes.
Each man is worth a story: Phips’s life was pieced together from
details lost in three hundred years. But there was a fil rouge guiding my research,
helping me combine all the elements into a striking mosaic: an illiterate and a ram
shepherd till the age of eighteen, he worked in a shipyard in Boston and became a skilled
carpenter; still young, he married Mary Spencer, a rich widow. He became a ship owner, a
Captain, a treasure hunter, a sheriff and Governor of Massachusetts.
Fundamental details of his life also emerged as marginal notes in
anecdotes or fragmentary second-hand accounts found in heavy tomes: the Caribbean voyages,
the Spanish galleon sunk in 1641 off the coast of Santo Domingo, the dramatic story of
Melchor Gomar, the sailor, the lone survivor of the shipwreck of Nuestra Señora de la
Pura y Limpia Concepciòn, the "excitement" at the daring ambitious enterprise,
the recovery of a huge amount of gold and silver buried under rocks of coral.
I "knew" that greediness and sheer thirst for excitement
were not the reason that moved Phips to action, although the treasure was worth a huge
amount of money, equal in our days to millions of pounds.
It might have been a story for men, with Indians, galleons, sailors
and soldiers, but it turned out differently, because of two women who influenced Phips’s
life decisively: his wife Mary, who taught him how to read and write and whose mature days
he made shining, and the beautiful courtier Gwenn Ballard, who introduced our hero to the
joys and sorrows of the high society in London.
Love, friendship and loyalty. Phips was a man with strong beliefs, a
man of his word, a man of honour, with admirable qualities such as courage, reliability,
devotion, stubborness, prudence. He was a passionate man but could also accurately weigh
the pros and cons of any move.
The seventh wave is all that.
All events of great historical significance have been accurately
reported with just a few "poetic" adjustments for the sake of fiction: I called
Phips’s wife Elizabeth, even though I knew her name was Mary, and his ship Noah was
renamed Saint Louis, as a token of appreciation for a beautiful schooner I had steered
during an unforgettable voyage in the Mediterranean Sea.
I am a journalist and I am now begging the reader’s pardon for the
rather vain display of journalistic abilities that will follow.
I contacted Mrs Nora Callahan, a descendant of William Phips and most
importantly, I found the tomb of our hero in a cemetery in a suburb of London.
Phips died on the 18th of February, 1695 and was buried in
the crypt of St. Mary Woolnoth, in Lombard Street, in the City of London on the 21st
of February. For two centuries he "rested in peace" under a white marble
monument bearing two cherubs, a vessel and a lenghty inscription summirizing his
achievements.
For my research I used the two books I mentioned before, but also the
Dictionary of National Biografy published by the Oxford University Press in 1913 and later
updated in 1968 where I read that "[Phips] was buried in the Church of St. Mary
Woolnoth in Lombard Street". The Cambridge Encyclopaedia, published in 1990 by the
Cambridge University Press, only mentioned the place where Phips died, while the Chambers
Biographical Dictionary (1997 edition) gave no indication of either the date of death or
the man’s burial place. In the Encyclopaedia Britannica I could only find the date of
death. And finally, in the Dictionary of American Biography published in 1962, there was
vague information about the date of birth (2nd of February, 1650/1651) and the
date of death (18th of February, 1694/1695), but there was no indication as to
where the tomb was.
Well, anyone looking for Phips’s grave in London in the church of
St. Mary Woolnoth will not find it. The tombstone was destroyed along with all the others
in December 1892 to allow the construction of the underground. Thirty years before,
another attempt had been made by the Royal Mail, round 1860, to enlarge the nearby office.
That time the parishioners won their case and the church was not pulled down. But three
decades after that attempt, the City and South London Railways Company, what we call today
"the underground", gave admissible reasons that led to a shrewd compromise
between the two parties: only the Vaults would be pulled down. Actually, the strategy of
the Railway Company was rather sophisticated: they "convinced" a Medical Officer
of Health to report that unwholesome effluvia permeated from the Vaults into the Church
and on sanitary grounds the said Church had to be closed for public worship. Which led to
the demolition of the crypt.
The remains of the people who still had descendants or representatives
were reinterred in other consacrated ground selected by them. The "forgotten"
bones of Phips and all the other people, instead, were removed to "a consacrated
burial ground in which interments might legally be made". But where?
The Rector of St. Mary Woolnoth leafed through papers and Indexes
before spreading his hands in a discomforting gesture and indicating as a
"possible" area the village of Ilford, Essex. The East Anglia Tourist Office
told me to ask the Essex branch of the Historical Association. A lovely lady rerouted my
investigations towards the Essex Burial Index, where, unfortunately so, they only keep
record of the people buried in the region in the period 1813 - 1865. Once again I had to
start from Ilford. The Canon of St. Mary’s Church suggested that there might be another
area for the interments, but the following Monday would be a better time to ask, as at the
moment he was rather busy organizing a Charity bazaar.
It was not just a problem of plane tickets and hotel reservation:
during that cloudy weekend spent in Greenwich and in marine antique shops and bookshops, I
began to fear that the fil rouge leading to Phips had broken.
It was not true and I realised that in Hyde Park while I was watching
a raven hopping on the grass surprisingly green considering it was only January. The
question was: "Where is the most suitable place to inter the bones of neglected
people, dead for two centuries and whose final destination nobody cared about?" The
answer came (almost) naturally: in a suburban cemetery, and very likely so, in a recently
built one. Therefore, I found out what cemeteries, not far from Ilford, fitted that
description.
The following Monday morning, the Canon of St Mary’s Church referred
me to the Ilford Central Library where the librarian confessed he didn’t know who Phips
was, but told me a decidedly illuminating detail about St Mary Woolnoth: the remains from
the Vaults were moved to the London City Cemetery.
The efficiency of the clerks of the Cemetery Office was flawless: that
very morning they referred me to Manor Park. It was a neogothic, well-kept building with a
secluded corner enveloped in a rather ghostly atmosphere with tombs half-sunk into the
soft ground, gravestones covered in moss, empty flower vases, and splinters of green glass
marking the boundary of concrete sepulchres: everything conveyed the impression of a
neatness frozen for decades. It looked as if I was on the home straight; but I cheered too
early, because Phips’s name was not on the Cemetery Registers, more than once consulted
by the helpful clerks.
The maze seemed again to be endless.
I left the Cemetery Office to take the bus, then the underground, then
a taxi to the London Metropolitan Archives. Books and tomes by the thousand and no clue. A
young librarian suggested looking in the "Churches of London" section. On a
shelf a little red book caught my eye: I opened it and with a start I read "St. Mary
Woolnoth". I learned that Phips was at first buried near a great pipe-organ with a
set of bellows, made by Father Smith. I copied the epitaph and drew a sketch of the tomb.
While serious students and eager bookworms passed by in perfect silence, I began to
realize I had had the solution of the enigma right under my eyes: there was a distinct
possibility that the remains of Phips and all the other people once buried with him in the
Vaults of St Mary Woolnoth might be under a gravestone only showing the name of the church
where they had been previously interred.
It was too late to go back to Manor Park and so I spent the remains of
that afternoon going over the details and facts I had collected in my investigation.
At nine sharp of the following morning, the clerk of the Cemetery
Office showed a map, pointing at a place near a cypress: "St. Mary Woolnoth and St.
Mary Woolchurch Haw". I walked slowly, fighting back emotions. For a few yards I had
to walk along with a funeral procession: someone even took me for a relative of the
departed . I left the "beaten track" and went along a secluded path lined with
tombs of people who had died before 1900. The small asphalt road made a sharp swerve to
the left opposite a memorial stone covered in moss, with a long, barely readable epitaph
the reader will find at the end of the book, before the index. I looked around and with a
pocket-knife I took some moss off the stone and read "Beneath this spot are deposited
all that is mortal of those who for centuries past have been buried in the vaults of the
church of St Mary Woolnoth and St Mary Woolchurch Haw in the City of London … The
remains were removed pursuant to an order in Council dated 25th of August 1892,
and by virtue of a faculty issued by the Consistory Court of London dated 1st
December 1892 under the supervision of the Rector and the Churchwardens of the above
parishes, with all care and reverence in the month of December, 1892…."
I sat near the gravestone and lit a toscano. I didn’t know why, but
I felt at home there: "I have found Phips" I thought, but soon I realized that
it was not true: it was Phips who had helped me find him by removing problems and
disclosing clues when I felt I had come to nothing in my investigations.
I was overcome by emotion, and excitement stirred inside me, although
I knew I still had something to do: finding the document that had ratified the removal of
Phips’s bones.
As a sort of porte-bonheur I kept the moss I had taken off the
memorial stone and went back to London for a shopping spree in a bookshop with plenty of
books about the Navy and the Airforce, a few yards away from Trafalgar Square, and later
treated myself to dinner at Bentley’s. Yet another night had to pass before I could say
"Phips is right here".
A librarian at the London Metropolitan Archives referred me to the
Guildhall Library. It was a matter of a few minutes: I rushed there to consult the faculty
issued on the 1st of December, 1892. The clerk frowned and after ten minutes,
he came back with a thick folder: five hundred sheets of paper that could be photocopied
only in the first few pages owing to risk of damage (that was the rule): "Here it is,
sir".
The book by Riffaud, the Treccani, the two biographies contradicting
each other, the English and American Dictionaries of Biography, the Boston Library and the
Navy Archives in Seville, where all the documents about the sunken galleon are jealously
kept, the Nora Callahan’s family tree that reached me through the information highways,
the Records of Salem trials Phips stopped. That was what I had in my mind.
The manuscript was sent to "the Worshipful Thomas Hutchinson
Trisham, Doctor of Laws Vicar general of the Right Honorable and Right Reverend Father in
God Frederick by Divine permission Lord Bishop of London and Official Principal of the
Consistorial and Episcopal Court of London lawfully constituted ". It was a
"petition to decree a licence or faculty to authorize the removal of the human
remains from the Vaults underneath the Church of St. Mary Woolnoth and St. Mary
Woolchurch". Point 2 of the petition read: "Dr Sedgivick Sanndan, medical
Officer of the Health for the City of London reported that the effluvia of the remains in
former times buried in the vaults underneath the floor of the Church … permeated into
the Church itself … and were injurious to the health of the congregation … ".
Therefore, on sanitary grounds the Church had to be closed for public
worship until the remains from the crypt were removed under proper care. The document,
dated 29th September 1892, was signed by J.M.S.Brooke, Joseph Savory, W. M.
Cross, Joseph Bowels and Joseph H. Batty, Churchwardens of the Parish of St. Mary Woolnoth
and St. Mary Woolchurch Haw in the Consistory Court of London.
The Petition was granted on the 1st December, and in a cold
morning of the same month, Sir William Phips’s remains were moved to Manor Park.
I went there by taxi, with a bunch of roses dyed blue, like the ocean,
and I told him only three words : "Welcome back, Captain".
Donatello Bellomo